Syllabus of Class 12 Physics
1. Rotational Dynamics
1.1. Equation of Angular Motion and Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics
1.2. Kinetic Energy of Rotating Rigid Body
1.3. Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration
1.4. Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Rod
1.5. Torque and Angular Acceleration Relationship for a Rigid Body
1.6. Work and Power in Rotational Motion
1.7. Angular Momentum and Conservation of Angular Momentum
2. Periodic Motion
2.1. Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
2.2. Energy in SHM
2.3. Vertical Oscillation of a Mass on a Coiled Spring
2.4. Angular SHM and Simple Pendulum
2.5. Oscillatory Motion: Damped, Forced Oscillation, and Resonance
3. Fluid Statics
3.1. Concept of Pressure in a Fluid and Buoyancy
3.2. Surface Tension and Surface Energy
3.3. Angle of Contact and Capillarity
3.4. Fluid Dynamics: Newton’s Formula and Viscosity
3.5. Poiseuille's Formula and Applications
3.6. Stokes’ Law: Principles and Applications
3.7. Continuity Equation and Applications
3.8. Bernoulli's Equation and Applications
4. Heat and Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1. Thermodynamic Systems
4.2. Work Done due to Volume Change
4.3. Heat, Work, and Internal Energy
4.4. Thermodynamic Processes: Adiabatic, Isochoric, Isothermal, and Isobaric
4.5. Thermal Capacities of Ideal Gases at Constant Pressure and Volume
4.6. Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases
Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.1. Thermodynamic Systems and Process Direction
5.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.3. Heat Engines: Otto Cycle, Diesel Cycle, Carnot Cycle
5.4. Refrigerator
5.5. Entropy and Disorder
6. Wave and Optics
Wave Motion
6.1. Progressive Waves
6.2. Mathematical Description of Waves
6.3. Stationary Waves
Mechanical Waves
7.1. Velocity of Sound in Solids, Liquids, and Gases
7.2. Laplace's Correction
7.3. Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Humidity on Sound Speed
Waves in Pipes and Strings
8.1. Standing Waves in Closed and Open Pipes
8.2. Harmonics and Overtones
8.3. End Correction in Pipes
8.4. Speed of Transverse Waves in a Stretched String
8.5. Vibration of Strings and Overtones
Acoustics
9.1. Sound Waves and Pressure Amplitude
9.2. Sound Properties: Intensity, Loudness, Quality, and Pitch
9.3. Doppler Effect
10. Nature and Propagation of Light
10.1. Huygen’s Principle
10.2. Reflection and Refraction via Wave Theory
Interference
11.1. Interference from Coherent Sources
11.2. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Diffraction
12.1. Diffraction from a Single Slit
12.2. Diffraction Pattern and Grating
12.3. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
Polarization
13.1. Polarization Phenomenon
13.2. Brewster's Law and the Transverse Nature of Light
13.3. Polaroid
14. Electricity and Magnetism
Electrical Circuits
14.1. Kirchhoff’s Law
14.2. Wheatstone Bridge and Meter Bridge
14.3. Potentiometer
14.4. Superconductors
14.5. Conversion of Galvanometer to Voltmeter and Ammeter
14.6. Joule’s Law
Thermoelectric Effects
15.1. Seebeck Effect and Thermocouples
15.2. Peltier Effect and Thermopile
Magnetic Field
16.1. Magnetic Field Lines and Flux (Oersted’s Experiment)
16.2. Force on Moving Charge and Current-Carrying Conductor
16.3. Force and Torque on Rectangular Coil in Galvanometer
16.4. Hall Effect
16.5. Magnetic Field from Moving Charge (Biot-Savart Law)
16.6. Applications of Biot-Savart Law
16.7. Ampere’s Law and Applications
Magnetic Properties of Materials
17.1. Magnetic Field Lines and Flux Density
17.2. Relative Permeability and Susceptibility
17.3. Hysteresis
17.4. Dia-, Para-, and Ferro-Magnetic Materials
Electromagnetic Induction
18.1. Faraday’s Laws
18.2. Lenz’s Law and Motional EMF
18.3. AC Generators and Eddy Currents
18.4. Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
18.5. Energy in an Inductor
18.6. Transformer
Alternating Currents
19.1. Peak and RMS Values
19.2. AC through Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor
19.3. Phasors
19.4. Resonance and Q-Factor in Series Circuits
19.5. Power in AC Circuits and Power Factor
20. Modern Physics
Electrons
20.1. Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
20.2. Electron Beam in Electric and Magnetic Fields
20.3. Thomson’s Experiment (Specific Charge of Electrons)
Photons
21.1. Quantum Nature of Radiation
21.2. Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation
21.3. Measurement of Planck’s Constant
Semiconductor Devices
22.1. P-N Junction
22.2. Semiconductor Diode (Forward and Reverse Bias)
22.3. Full-Wave Rectification
22.4. Logic Gates: NOT, OR, AND, NAND, NOR
Quantization of Energy
23.1. Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom
23.2. Spectral Series and Excitation/Ionization Potentials
23.3. Emission and Absorption Spectra
23.4. De Broglie Hypothesis
23.5. Uncertainty Principle
23.6. X-Rays: Nature, Generation, and Applications
23.7. X-Ray Diffraction and Bragg's Law
24. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
24.1. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
24.2. Laws of Radioactive Disintegration
24.3. Half-Life, Mean Life, and Decay Constant
24.4. Geiger-Muller Tube
24.5. Carbon Dating
24.6. Medical Use of Nuclear Radiations
25. Recent Developments in Physics
25.1. Surface and Internal Waves (Rayleigh, Love, S, and P-Waves)
25.2. Gravitational Waves
25.3. Nanotechnology and Higgs Boson
